The show ended with Lorelai and Rory leaving town and everyone's come together to throw them a hasty going away party. Luke and Lorelai's relationship is still fuzzy although it's implied they might have gotten back together, and then the episode ends.

It was an abrupt finale for most fans, but the Netflix revival helped to quell a lot of the frustration of the original finale. Quantum Leap followed a scientist, Sam Beckett Scott Bakula , who was stuck leaping from body to body across time and space.

He helps whoever he's inhabiting and then moves onto the next person. It's a fun and popular show that usually finished a story a week as Sam helped whoever he was tasked with helping and then moved on to new characters each week. But, the finale tried to state that Sam always had the power to leap home, and the final images are of a title card saying that Sam never made it home. The last episode of season 8 of Scrubs seemed to be a proper send-off for the characters as J.

Cox and Jordan, but the show decided to come back for another season. Season 9 attempted to introduce a slew of new characters and put the characters fans had grown to love in the backseat for the final season. Even worse, the season finale didn't even feel like a final episode, and most fans choose not to rewatch the 9th season. The CW's critical darling Jane the Virgin concluded in on its own terms.

After five seasons and one hundred episodes, it seemed like a good place to end the show on a high. Jane had faced so much already, as had her family and friends.

Some important characters like Lina had already faded into the background, but season 5 decided to bring one back: Michael. Only he is no longer Michael, but a cowboy who goes by Jason.

He's unrecognizable and feels like an insult to Michael's memory. He only sticks around to throw Jane back into the love triangle that fans had gotten tired of three seasons ago. Jane marries Rafael, who behaves immaturely and irresponsibly throughout the entire season, so their union feels wrong.

Furthermore, the identity of the narrator is revealed to be Mateo, something most viewers had guessed long ago. The whole seventh season of The feels confused and lost. After introducing some big ideas in the previous seasons, fans expected a lot of season 7 - perhaps too much.

Clarke seems to be completely sidelined, sometimes disappearing for a whole episode at a time, and Bellamy only appears in three episodes - just to be pointlessly killed off. Furthermore, the show's creator decides to deviate from the action entirely and throw a backdoor pilot into the middle of the season, right at the height of the tension.

Part of the story of the premiere is that this team doesn't work together anymore, and she feels like she needs them back to do this final big project, the closeness of this group of people is fraying at the edges just because people's lives are taking them in different directions, and that culminates in the series finale. We're doing our best to make sure our content is useful, accurate and safe.

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Term » Definition. Word in Definition. Wiktionary 0. Wikipedia 0. Freebase 5. How to pronounce series finale? Alex US English. David US English.

Mark US English. Daniel British. Libby British. Mia British. Karen Australian. Hayley Australian. Natasha Australian. Difference between Final and Finale. Implication Just the end of something That it will end in a grand scale, i. Mid th century: from Italian, from Latin finalis see final. Add new comment Your name. Plain text. This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.

Working with industry specialist brokers can help businesses fully understand the scope of current coverage and explore mechanisms to minimise any changes in the market. Explore our capabilities for marine special risks, shipowners and operators - including superyachts, cruise and passenger vessels - port and terminal operators, logistics and supply chain companies, cargo owners and shipyards.

Marine organizations are navigating increasingly complex global risks, which require support across areas such as average adjusting, claims and risk consulting.

Implementing health and benefits, talent and performance, and retirement and investment strategies can enable marine organizations to support their people and make confident business decisions to withstand industry challenges. Search for:. Read The One Brief. Global Marine Understanding strikes, riots and civil commotion risks in the cargo market Strikes and riots and civil commotions SRCC have escalated rapidly in recent years.

Globally, recent losses USD caused by strikes, riots and civil commotion events include: 2 The frequency and intensity of strikes, riots and civil commotion events are no longer limited to territories which have traditionally been deemed politically unstable, rather risks are escalating across all regions.

The impact on business Businesses across the world are facing significant losses caused by strikes, riots or civil commotion. This has started to change, with markets being increasingly focussed on the scope of coverage being provided relative to the potential risk exposure. Additionally, some cargo underwriters have started to question whether SRCC coverage should more appropriately be underwritten in specialist markets, such as terrorism or political violence, where such risks are closely monitored.

To discuss any of the topics raised in this article, please contact Kris Kimble or Shady Ismail. Marine Insurance Market Report. Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects.

MLA 8 Njogu, Tabitha. Name required. Email required. Please note: comment moderation is enabled and may delay your comment. There is no need to resubmit your comment. Notify me of followup comments via e-mail. Written by : Tabitha Njogu. Ashgate Publishing, Riot: The New Era of Uprisings.

Verso Books, Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, User assumes all risk of use, damage, or injury. You agree that we have no liability for any damages. What is Riot?

What is Protest? Similarities between Riot and Protest Both are an expression of dissatisfaction in events, situations, and policies Differences between Riot and Protest Definition A riot is an expression of dissatisfaction characterized by violence, vandalism, theft as well as the destruction of public or private property.

Form of expression While riots involve violence, vandalism, theft as well as destruction of public or private property, protests are peaceful and involve peaceful chanting and marching in public. Legality Riots are categorized as a crime and are punishable by law. Riot vs. Protest: Comparison Table Summary of Riot vs. Protest A riot is an expression of dissatisfaction characterized by violence, vandalism, theft as well as the destruction of public or private property, and is a crime punishable by law.

Author Recent Posts. Tabitha Njogu. She has had the pleasure of working with various organizations and garnered expertise in business management, business administration, accounting, finance operations, and digital marketing.

The copies are basically new items, with new IDs but with identical content. These items are completely separate from the original items, meaning that any changes in the original items will not be carried out in the new items. On the other hand, a reference is simply a link to the original exercise. Meaning that the original exercise is still located in the original subject, but is linked to the new subject.

This entails that any alterations in the original item will be visible in the referenced exercise in the new subject, too. You do not have edit rights to the exercise itself, but you can edit the set of exercises; you can add, remove, and replace exercises in your new subject. Let's go back to the subject "Variables" in the screenshot. Instead, if you find a reference image like a picture that you took or a screenshot of a 3D model , you are completely at liberty to trace it.

My 2D art teacher made us go outside into the city to take pictures of buildings that we later traced to create a finished drawing. I created my own 3D model and painted over it to create the interior scene of a potions lab.

This is so I can make scenes with perfect perspective without the hassle of running around with a ruler and painstakingly measuring everything. Of course, if you want to do things quickly off the top of your head, your best bet is to learn anatomy really well.

The grey area happens here though: what if an artist draws a reference that you want to use? For example, kibbitzer does some amazing pose studies that I often use as references. In my opinion, you should be allowed to reference that pose, but not trace it. TLDR: Tracing is good. You can and should trace references to learn how to draw things.

If an artist draws a reference, use it as a reference, not as a base to trace over, unless the specific purpose of the image is to be used as a base. Tracing is a good way to learn.

Length]; out of the CopyValue method same for the other case and instead supply an already newed up array to the method. The way your test works now, the time of the array constructors are part of your total time.

Not sure if it will make much difference but might be worth testing. Add a comment. Active Oldest Votes. That's correct - you made a copy of reference. Now, what about why your implementation of CopyReference is slower. You have to do performance analysis to get real insight about it, but on top of my head: You're creating a new instance of DoubleWrapper reference type , inside that method. Improve this answer. Tigran Tigran 60k 8 8 gold badges 81 81 silver badges bronze badges.

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Post as a guest Name. Email Required, but never shown. The Overflow Blog. Podcast Explaining the semiconductor shortage, and how it might end. Both of the sites mentioned above were required to take their sites down or pay monetary penalties. In one sense these two companies were lucky that they were able to avoid costly legal ramifications, but on the other hand they were hemorrhaging money every day their sites were down.

Perhaps, to save money by not hiring a professional copy writer to create their own original content. Perhaps, to cut down on design costs by providing an existing direction to knock off.

I could be wrong, but I often find these types of decisions are in some way tied to money. Now these companies are both faced with getting their websites back online as quickly as possible. This will require a completely new site design with clean code, purchased images, copy writing, and probably some type of rush charge all on top of the original website build cost. If you find instances of this using Copyscape, then you can try to contact the webmasters to have them remove the content from their site.

My experience with this has not been to successful; a more effective alternative is to request a duplicate content removal from Google.

Feel free to just provide example sentences. Report copyright infringement. The owner of it will not be notified. Only the user who asked this question will see who disagreed with this answer. Read more comments. Hi, this is quite difficult! All of these linking words are conjunctions. Native speakers use these intuitively most of the time. Even native speakers, including me, use them incorrectly sometimes.

In some cases these conjunctions can be used interchangeably. However, there are some subtle differences and unfortunately, irregularities. It is quite difficult to get the hang of since it requires some feel for the Dutch language. Consider the following example:. In this example, the speaker is giving his personal and subjective justification for having eaten lots of food: he or she was hungry, and therefore decided to eat to satiate their appetite.

Therefore, they're using want to explain their behaviour. Let's look at another example:. Here, an objective explanation is being provided. We're being given the actual objective cause for his smiling: he's happy! Because this sentence is using "because" to share the objective reason for the man's smiling, we use omdat. At first glance, you might ask yourself why this sentence uses want.

This sentence doesn't appear to be "subjective" — after all, a dark sky is objectively likely to herald rain, right? Want is used here because the speaker is justifying what he's just said ; although rain indeed tends to follow a dark sky, the speaker isn't giving us a cause , and thus must use want here.

Perhaps, other people can add more examples to clarify it further. Omdat After 'omdat' in the subordinating clause , you give the reason for 'A' an action or state of affairs in the main clause. A Hij leert Spaans, B omdat hij volgend jaar naar Venezuela verhuist. A He learns Spanish B because he is moving to Venezuela next year. A Haar huis is blauw, B omdat blauw haar lievelingskleur is. A Her house is blue B because blue is her favourite colour. Want We use 'want' in a co-ordinating clause to explain why you said 'A' in the main clause.

A We moeten snel gaan pauzeren, B want ik begin echt moe te worden. A We must take a break soon B because I am really getting tired. A Het zal wel gaan regenen, B want de lucht is erg donker. A It is probably going to rain B because the sky looks very dark. We cannot say: "Het zal wel gaan regenen, omdat de lucht erg donker is", because 'omdat' implies a reason for the state of affairs. Recommended Posts. Trellum 78 Posted February 27, Posted February 27, Like for example: Er wonen in Nederland mensen uit allerlei culturen.

Link to post Share on other sites. Posted October 20, For example: Ik ga aan. Hope it helps. Trellum 1. Trellum 78 Posted October 25, Posted October 25, Trellum 78 Posted October 30, Posted October 30, Join the conversation You can post now and register later.

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Network marketing can be used interchangeably with MLM because essentially sales distributors are doing the same thing — cutting out the middleman and connecting buyers with the sellers directly.

The big difference? Network marketing has a greater focus on products rather than recruiting more sales consultants to work under more senior sellers. Typically, direct selling refers to higher ticket items where the sales distributor sells fewer products but earns a higher sales commission. This type of retail selling also removes the middleman, but rather than recruiting more people to sell, direct sales consultants focus on selling more, often going door to door.

Network marketing or direct selling companies have a bad reputation for a good reason and you should be very wary. How are direct sales or direct selling opportunities different from multi-level marketing companies?

Both MLMs and direct sellers sell products or services using person-to-person sales direct-selling. Instead of selling products in a retail store, they are sold directly to the consumer, from one friend, co-worker, sister, or acquaintance, to another.

While MLMs and direct sales take the same approach through person to person selling, in the MLM model sellers can also make money by recruiting other members. This is where the business models differ. Direct sellers make all of their money by selling a product or service to a person, recruiting others is not part of their business model. Direct person to person sales of a product or service.

For example, your coworker convinces you to buy an Avon product directly from her. She makes a commission off of this sale. Recruitment of other sellers. For example, that same coworker convinces you to start selling Avon products. She makes a commission off of your recruitment. Direct sales make money in one way — through the direct selling of a product or service, from one person to another.

So, what makes one better than the other? Direct sales and MLM jobs share many benefits, or at least they both promise to provide similar benefits including:. The non-definitive guide to the names of commission-driven business plans. If you started reading this blog thinking that direct selling, multi-level marketing, network marketing, and party plan all mean the same thing, I hope this gave you a little context, a better understanding of the nuances of each of these terms, and gave you some insight into why we have so many.

Looking for a software solution for your direct selling business or party plan, network marketing company, or MLM? FlexCloud is the best-in-breed solution for commission calculat ions with a powerful platform of tools. Contact us here to learn more. Evo Evo Engage Offer distributors the information they need to motivate and build their network. Commission Consulting Utilize our metrics and proven strategies to implement a successful compensation plan.

Before anyone signs up, they should investigate the compensation plans, the customer base, the sales cycle, the customer retention rate, the customer reorder rate and much more of several companies.

And, if the person you are asking questions of cannot answer all of what I noted above in 15 min or less, you REALLY should not be signing up for that company! Good for you! That is a hobby, not a job. They held a gun to their heads? Ransomed their children?

Or perhaps just offered them an opportunity that their dead-end jobs never will? Whose fault is that? Did all those people mislead you in order to make those sales? Thank you, Alexa, for tackling this subject!

You mentioned that if you ever found the right product, that you would consider joining an MLM, so I was wondering if you have heard of Trades of Hope.

We empower women around the world out of poverty and sex trafficking through the sustainable business of marketing their Fair Trade accessories, gifts, and decor here in the US. Our founders specifically chose the Direct Sales business models because it has the fastest and most exponential impact. In 7 years we have developed dignified partnerships with over 13, artisans in 16 countries including the US!

I am currently sticking my toe into an MLM but I am not looking to make money. I love the product and I am telling others about it because I think it would be good for them. I just buy what I need of the product for my own use.

I guess it is possible to decide you no longer want to be a consumer and want to get rid of any personal product you still have. I have seen people sell their excess on Ebay. Other than that, I have never seen anyone in this product line encourage anyone to buy more than they need for personal consumption.

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I'm not sure what kVp means, can you clarify? As of right now, it is hard to understand what exactly you're asking. Add a comment. Active Oldest Votes. Improve this answer. Martin Ueding Martin Ueding 8, 4 4 gold badges 34 34 silver badges 56 56 bronze badges.

I was browsing through your MSc coursework on your blog to see what's taught these days: looks like you had fun. Clint Clint 11 2 2 bronze badges. Sign up or log in Sign up using Google. Sign up using Facebook. Sign up using Email and Password. Post as a guest Name. Email Required, but never shown. Featured on Meta. CT angiography of the abdomen 10 or when noise related to attenuation is less of a problem e.

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Goel, A. Kilovoltage peak. Reference article, Radiopaedia. Tube potential Peak tube potential Tube voltage kVp. URL of Article. Image quality The first consideration when selecting the kVp is ensuring adequate penetration and exposure 5,7 , which depends on photon number, photon energy, and tissue attenuation which depends on attenuation coefficient and thickness.

In other words, if you use kV typical standard X-ray across the X-ray lamp, the keV spectrum will range from approximately 15keV to keV. If you use 60kV typical fluoroscope the keV spectrum will range from approximately 15keV to 60keV. Furthermore, the higher keV energies in the main beam do not scatter as much as they pass through the patient, or object, being X-rayed, whilst the lower energies scatter more easily because they do not have the penetrating power.

Therefore, if you look at the resulting keV spectrum for the scatter radiation, the top end of the keV spectrum is reduced. Typically, if you generated the main beam using kV on the lamp, the main beam energy, in terms of keV, will range from approximately 15keV to keV Fig 1 , and the scatter radiation will range from approximately 15keV to just over 60keV Fig 3. If you generated the main beam using 60kV across the lamp, the main beam energy, in terms of keV, will range from approximately 15keV to 60keV Fig 2 , and the scatter radiation will range from approximately 15keV to just over 45keV Fig 4.

Note: The keV scale of the Y axis Photon Count would be approximately a 50th of the graphs for the main beam. Absorbed dose is created from radiation that does not pass through the body.

It is your responsibility to request general education certification once all of your courses are complete and grades are posted. Without the certification you may have to complete additional lower-division general education requirements specific to your transfer university. The certification does not substitute for a transcript request or a graduation petition.

Free viewers are required for some of the attached documents. They can be downloaded by clicking on the icons below. Please enable JavaScript in your browser for a better user experience. Students who intend to transfer into majors that require extensive lower-division preparation, such as engineering or the physical and natural sciences, should concentrate on completing the many prerequisites for the major that the college screens for to determine eligibility for admission.

IGETC is not an admission requirement. Completing it does not guarantee admission to the campus or program of choice.

Students who are preparing for a major in science, technology, engineering, or mathematics. There is no system-wide policy for CSU campuses. A course must have a minimum unit value of 3-semester or 4-quarter units to meet the requirements for IGETC.

Laboratory courses intended to accompany lecture courses are an exception to this guideline, see Section It is not acceptable to take three one-unit courses to fulfill a 3-unit requirement because as a rule, three one-unit courses will not together provide the depth or rigor of a single 3-unit course. The CSU U. There is no limit on the number of external exams that can be applied to IGETC and may be used regardless of when the exam was taken.

Completion of the IGETC will permit a student to transfer from a California Community College to a California State University CSU or University of California UC campus generally without the need, after transfer, to take additional lower-division, general education courses to satisfy campus general education requirements. NOTE : Students transferring to a CSU with a completed IGETC will still need to complete 9-semester units of upper-division general education and may be held to other campus-specific graduation requirements outside of general education and major coursework.

Students submitting partial IGETC certification should complete the missing requirements at either UC or a California community college as designated by their department. Completing it does not guarantee admission to the campus or program of choice. However, California community colleges may grant partial certification of IGETC to students who are missing no more than two requirements.

After transfer, students submitting partial IGETC certification should complete the missing requirements at either UC or a California community college as designated by their department. Students who have been granted partial IGETC certification should not return to the community college for a full certification. One physical science course and one biological science course, at least one of which includes a laboratory. A grade of credit or pass may be used if the community college's policy states that it is equivalent to a grade of C or better.

If an appropriate achievement test is not available to assert a student's proficiency in a language other than English, a faculty member associated with a California community college can verify competency. The college must provide a document on letterhead asserting that the student proficiency in the language is equivalent to two years of high school study.

Certification of IGETC completion is the responsibility of the last community college a student attends prior to transfer. In addition, some colleges or majors prefer that transfer students follow a more prescribed lower-division curriculum. University of California - Counselors Accessibility primary navigation secondary navigation search form main content side bar content footer navigation.

Requirements vary. Mathematical concepts and quantitative reasoning 1 course 3 semester units or quarter units 3.

Please leave a reply. Hi Thea, Hamsters have cheek pouches that they use to carry their food. These could potentially be damaged by the sharper parts of the guinea pig food. Guinea pig food is not designed for hamsters. Please get someone to give you a lift to the store. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Squeaks and Nibbles. Share on Facebook. Hamster Sand Bath Guide. Can Hamsters Drink Milk?

Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here. You have entered an incorrect email address! Can Hamsters Eat Bananas? A litter is typically around pups. Guinea pigs are a lot more sociable! We're not just being nasty to hamsters here, but it is a well-known fact that in general guinea pigs enjoy interacting with one another and indeed, other animals including humans!

Yes, they are small furry socialites! In fact, this need for constant connections is so strong, guinea pigs can really suffer in isolation, become depressed and even die from loneliness. Guinea pigs are not good climbers!

While you may catch your guinea pig scaling over a low-sided play pen or ascending a staircase, they are not good climbers in the truest sense of the word. Instead, they tend to jump and are actually rather good at it! In contrast, hamsters love to climb and often scale up the bars in their cage.

Guinea pigs cannot run in a wheel! Guinea pigs cannot use exercise balls! Again, it requires backward arching of the spine, something rats, mice and hamsters have no problem with, but guinea pigs are simply not physically built for. Guinea pigs do not carry food in their cheeks! In contrast, a guinea pig tends to wolf their food down in one go and then wheek for more!

Most people have had hamsters as pets, and in most cases, they have no idea of some facts about these animals. Since the foods are vitamin C deficient, you can give them to your cavy only once a week and supplement them with other healthier foods. Cavies need vitamin C, and thus you cannot afford to deny them this vitamin. You can use hamster foods as extra snacks or treats which you give occasionally. Unfortunately, no is the answer to this question. You cannot feed your cavy seeds for instance, because of the potential choking hazard that they present.

Simply avoid hamster foods that are tiny and can choke your little cavies. Hamster is more active during the night while guinea pig has no specifically active time. This is another major difference between hamster and guinea pig. Although hamsters are domesticated, they are also found in the wild.

However, guinea pigs are fully domesticated and are not found in the wild. Hamsters are less social while guinea pigs are more social. Therefore, hamsters prefer more to live alone while guinea pig prefers to live in groups or pairs.

The sounds of hamsters are not too loud while the sounds of guinea pigs are loud. A hamster gives birth to pups per time while a guinea pig gives birth to piglets. The pups are born without sight and hair while the piglets are well-developed at birth. Hamsters live up to years while guinea pig lives up to years. Hamster is a small, rounded rodent that is active in the night. Another significant feature of hamsters is the use of front paws to hold their food.

Clinical data age, gender, and so on were obtained by reviewing the medical records. After adhering to these criteria, the study data set of 66 patients 40 males and 26 females, age 10—87 years, mean years from April to December was finalized. Table 1 lists the characteristics of patients in this study. We identified the primary tumors as the locations of lesions for the large lesions that involve more than one site.

MR images were all acquired using a Discovery MR 3. Other sequences such as T1-weighted fat-saturated images and general T1-weighted and T2-weighted images without fat saturation were excluded for analysis due to the retrospective data imperfection. All sequence parameters are described in Table 2. Prior to radiomic analysis, all images were transferred into itk-SNAP software version 3.

All lesions were segmented manually by a radiologist with more than 7 years of MRI diagnostic experience. Another radiologist with more than 10 years of MRI diagnostic experience was asked for confirming the accuracy of segmentation. A revise was made by two radiologists in case of disagreement on specific image segmentation after discussion.

Delineating the ROI, including the entire tumor, peritumoral edema, and periosteal reactions, was performed on one image of each sequence. The chosen slice or image demonstrated the maximum anteroposterior diameter of the lesion. Imaging features were extracted using Analysis Kit software A. Some features are reported in Table 3.

The principle of feature selection by the LASSO method is to restrain some feature coefficients to zero by adjusting the parameter. Then, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve AUC could be achieved versus log by using tenfold cross-validation.

The LASSO method has an advantage of analyzing a large number of radiomic features with sparser samples [ 20 ]. The study flowchart is presented in Figure 1. A total of initial features in total were extracted from original MR data. We mainly focused on the analysis of the features extracted by using the LASSO method because the number of features extracted by the other two methods was relatively large, thereby increasing the difficulty for further analysis.

The selection result is shown in Table 4 b. In this paper, we assessed the ability of our newly established radiomic model based on using multiparametric MR data to help differentiate OS from EWS of the pelvis. Our radiomic model yielded favorable results and constituted a new technique for the discrimination of OS and EWS. In brief, we believe that the methodology developed in this work may serve as a reliable additional tool for differentiation OS from EWS.

Preoperative discrimination between OS and EWS of the pelvis is difficult for clinical practice, although it could be performed by using clinical data, such as age, gender, and other accessory examinations, such as medical images. OS is the most common primary malignant bone tumor, which originates from primitive bone-forming mesenchymal cells. It has a bimodal age distribution, which is during adolescence and older adulthood, respectively.

EWS of bones represents the third most common primary bone malignancy, which exceeded in prevalence only by OS and chondrosarcoma. The incidence rate peaks within the second decade of life. In terms of tumor location, EWS is commonly seen at diaphysis of long bones and the pelvis, though the most common site is still the extremities, which is quite similar as OS [ 22 ]. Both OS and EWS demonstrate aggressive features at radiography, reflecting their high-grade nature of malignancy.

Many common imaging characteristics are available, such as bone destruction with a moth-eaten to a permeative pattern, a variable amount of mineralized osteoid, various types of periosteal reaction, and adjacent soft tissue mass [ 23 , 24 ].

Among imaging modalities, MRI is routinely used. Marrow replacement and cortical destruction could be more clearly seen on MRI with heterogeneous signal intensity. It provides excellent tissue contrast, which is much better than computed tomography CT and conventional radiography; however, it could not clearly discriminate between OS and EWS due to overlapping imaging characteristics and tumor locations.

For instance, most of small cell OS a subtype of OS cases own the radiographic features including lytic bone destruction, a soft tissue mass, and periosteal reaction, which are also commonly seen in EWS cases. Furthermore, both their cells are small and have round, hyperchromatic nuclei; they might be mistaken from each other even by histologic analysis [ 25 ].

Some advanced sequences to make differential diagnosis have been investigated, such as diffusion-weighted imaging DWI [ 4 ] and intravoxel incoherent motion IVIM [ 26 ]. However, the ability of discrimination is not satisfactory.

Radiomics is a new methodology that uses advanced imaging features for differentiation, staging, monitoring tumors, and even detecting tumor genetics. Compared with traditional radiological diagnosis methods, radiomics could provide ample information and improve diagnostic reproducibility. Therefore, we decided to evaluate the performance of differentiation ability using radiomic analysis. The value of radiomics has been under investigation for the past decade.

Previous studies mainly focused on the establishment of a radiomics nomogram for staging malignant tumors [ 7 ], prediction of lymph node metastasis [ 8 , 9 ], tumor prognosis [ 10 ], prediction of treatment response [ 11 ], or even prediction of the cancer phenotype [ 12 , 13 ]. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first that attempts to use radiomics to differentiate these two osseous malignant tumors.

The application we used is a mature platform, and the radiomic features it provides could describe the signal intensity, morphological characteristics, and texture information of the lesions, thereby possibly representing the information of the lesions comprehensively.

For example, in Table 4 , the strong associations of High Grey Level Run Emphasis extracted from the T2-FS data set could be explained from the fact that patients possess large and irregular high signal intensity on T2-weighted images in the inner portion of tumors, most likely representing necrotic areas.

The presence of these inner, long T2 signal irregular regions suggests that the tumor is rapidly increasing in size and might be more likely to be an OS. T2-FS could effectively depict the border of lesions and demonstrate the overall cellular density of lesions to a certain extent, whereas CET1 could describe the vascularity of lesions, reflect the degree of malignancy, and distinguish necrosis and solid tumors.

Furthermore, previous studies that used such sequences for radiomic analysis yielded favorable results [ 27 , 28 ]. Thus, we set up our model using these two sequences. Based on our results, features yielded from T2-FS perform better than those from CET1, with higher AUC and sensitivity, thereby possibly benefiting the patients who are allergic to contrast media.

Primary bone osteosarcoma in the pediatric age: state of the art. Lu, B. Luo, X. Osteogenic BMPs promote tumor growth of human osteosarcomas that harbor differentiation defects.

Machado, I. Virchows Arch. Mackintosh, C. Oncogene 31, — Mankin, H. The hazards of the biopsy, revisited. Members of the musculoskeletal tumor society. Bone Joint Surg. Meijer, D. Expression of aromatase and estrogen receptoralpha in chondrosarcoma, but no beneficial effectof inhibiting estrogen signaling both in vitro and in vivo. Sarcoma Res. Messerschmitt, P. Meyers, P. North Am. Mirabello, L. National osteosarcoma etiology study group.

Genetic variation at chromosome 8q24 in osteosarcoma cases and controls. Carcinogenesis 31, — Nakagawa, S. Nitric oxide synthases, cyclooxygenase-2, nitrotyrosine, and angiogenesis in chondrosarcoma and their relation to prognosis. Nathan, S. Elevated expression of Runx2 as a key parameter in the etiology of osteosarcoma. Nunez, A. CD syndecan-1 expression in bone-forming tumors. Papachristou, D.

Expression of integrin-linked kinase and its binding partners inchondrosarcoma: association with prognostic significance. Cancer 44, — Pedrini, E. Perbal, B. Prognostic value of CCN3 in osteosarcoma. Posthuma DeBoer, J. Molecular alterations as target for therapy in metastatic osteosarcoma: a review of literature. Metastasis 28, — Potikyan, G. Pradelli, E. Antagonism of chemokine receptor CXCR3 inhibits osteosarcoma metastasis to lungs. Robin, T. Rodriguez, N.

COX-2 expression correlates with survival in patients with osteosarcoma lung metastases. Rozeman, L. Dedifferentiated peripheral chondrosarcomas: regulation of EXT-downstream molecules and differentiation-related genes. Saini, V. Salinas-Souza, C. Glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms in osteosarcoma patients.

Genomics 20, — Sandhu, R. Serum fluoride and sialic acid levels in osteosarcoma. Trace Elem. Savitskaya, Y. Serum tumor markers in pediatric osteosarcoma: a summary review. Savola, S. Combined use of expression and CGH arrays pinpoints novel candidate genes in Ewing sarcoma family of tumors. Schrage, Y. COX-2 expression in chondrosarcoma: a role for celecoxibtreatment? Cancer 46, — Sharili, A. Expression of Snail2 in long bone osteosarcomas correlates with tumour malignancy.

Tumor Biol. Shen, T. Shimizu, T. Fibroblast growth factor-2 is an important factor that maintains cellular immaturity and contributes to aggressiveness of osteosarcoma. Singer, F. Using biochemical markers of bone turnover in clinical practice. Sun, X. Cancer Szuhai, K. Molecular pathology and its diagnosticuse in bone tumors.

The NFATc2 gene is involved in a novel cloned translocation in a Ewing sarcoma variant that couples its function in immunology to oncology.

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C-erbB-2 expression and prognostic significance in osteosarcoma. Blood Cancer 51, — Yang, G. Arsenic trioxide up-regulates Fas expression in human osteosarcoma cells. Yang, J. Deletion of the WWOX gene and frequent loss of its protein expression in human osteosarcoma. Cancer Lett. Yang, Q. All-trans retinoic acid inhibits tumor growth of human osteosarcoma by activating Smad signaling-induced osteogenic differentiation.

Yao, Y. The expression of Crm1 is associated with prognosis in human osteosarcoma. Yasuda, T. Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma of the thigh with a t 9;17 translocation. Yu, L. Mitotic arrest defective protein 2 expression abnormality and its clinicopathologic significance in human osteosarcoma. APMIS , — Zambo, I. Nestin expression in high-grade osteosarcomas and its clinical significance.

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Proteome Res. Zhao, C. Ai Zheng 27, — Zuffa, E. P53 oncosuppressor influences selection of genomic imbalances in response to ionizing radiations in human osteosarcoma cell line SAOS The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice.

No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Evola, robertoevola virgilio. Introduction Neoplastic bone disease includes metastatic lesions and primary bone neoplasms. Biomarkers There are several biomarkers and these can be specific or aspecific; diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic; serological, genetic, or histological. Serological Bone Formation and Resorption Biomarkers This group includes a series of serological markers which reflect the osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity of the bone.

Molecular Biomarkers In bone tumors, molecular diagnostics can increase the accuracy of the diagnosis and assist in subtyping bone tumors. Serum Markers Kaseta et al. Genetic Markers Perbal et al. This information focuses on the Ewing family of tumors in children and teens, but most of the content here including much of the treatment information applies to Ewing tumors in adults as well.

Osteosarcomas are the most common bone cancer in children and teens. They are described in Osteosarcoma. Most other types of bone cancers are usually found in adults and are uncommon in children. These include:. For more information on these cancers, see Bone Cancer in Adults. Many types of cancer that start in other organs of the body can spread to the bones.

These are sometimes referred to as metastatic bone cancers , but they are not true bone cancers. RESULTS A descriptive statistical analysis of patients' ages was performed after they were divided into 2 groups according to the type of tumor Table 1.

Rev Diag Tratamento. Sarcomas of bone. Cancer: principles and practice of oncology. Philadelphia: Lippincott; The role of surgery and resection margins in the treatment of Ewing's sarcoma. Clin Orthop. Outcome of radiation-related osteosarcoma after treating childhood and adolescent cancer: a study of 23 cases.

J Clin Oncol. Chemotherapy-induced tumor necrosis as a prognostic factor in localized Ewing's sarcoma of the extremities. Prognostic factors in nonmetastatic Ewing's sarcoma of bone treated with adjuvant chemotherapy: analysis of patients at the Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli. Diagnostic imaging for therapy control of primary bone tumors.

Primary malignant bone tumors. Clinical aspects and therapy. Vienna Bone Tumor Registry. Widhe B, Widhe T. Initial symptoms and clinical features in osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Sao Paulo: Lemar; Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors: Ewing's sarcoma of bone and soft tissue and the peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors.

Principles and practice of pediatric oncology. Metastatic lung tumors in children. Vopr Onkol. Link MP, Eilber F. Osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma. Improved recovery chances in the past 25 years according to the experience of Balgrist Hospital. Schwinz Rundsch Med Prax. Ewing's sarcoma of bone: relation between clinical characteristics and staging. Oncol Rep. Lang S, Sulzbacher I.

Dwarfism occurs when a person has short stature. Different things cause dwarfism. Most forms of dwarfism are genetic or inherited at birth. More than genetic conditions can cause dwarfism. Dwarfism is not a disease, so there is no "cure. They can also lead healthy, active lives just like any other person. Sign up for our Health Tip of the Day newsletter, and receive daily tips that will help you live your healthiest life.

Barstow C, Rerucha C. Evaluation of short and tall stature in children. Am Fam Physician. Genetic Rare Diseases Information Center.

Updated May 19, Pauli RM. Achondroplasia: a comprehensive clinical review. Orphanet J Rare Dis. Harvard Medical School. What happens during OSA. Reviewed May 4, Growth hormone receptor mutations related to individual dwarfism. Int J Mol Sci. Published August 18, Development of body proportions in achondroplasia: Sitting height, leg length, arm span, and foot length.

Am J Med Genet A. Your Privacy Rights. To change or withdraw your consent choices for VerywellHealth. At any time, you can update your settings through the "EU Privacy" link at the bottom of any page. These choices will be signaled globally to our partners and will not affect browsing data. Achieving higher levels of education and career and personal ambitions is not limited by stature. Dysplasia means 'abnormal growth'. There are around different types of skeletal dysplasias, with achondroplasia being the most common form of disproportionate short stature.

Other skeletal dysplasias can cause short-trunk disorders and proportionate short stature. A skeletal dysplasia is diagnosed with a variety of tests, including physical examination, x-rays, tissue and bone samples, and specific genetic tests. About 80 per cent of people born with achondroplasia have average-sized parents.

This means that the genetic mutation that causes achondroplasia occurs during conception, when the mother's egg is fertilised by the father's sperm. It is not known why this genetic mutation occurs, or how the mutation translates into the characteristics of achondroplasia.

Twenty per cent of people born with achondroplasia inherit the faulty gene from an affected parent. If one parent has achondroplasia, then their child has a 50 per cent chance of inheriting the gene for the condition. If both parents have achondroplasia, their child has:. There is no cure for achondroplasia. Human growth hormone has no place in its management, as the condition is not caused by a lack of growth hormone. Treatment focuses on the prevention, management and treatment of medical complications as well as social and family support.

This may include:. There are currently preliminary trials on a medication called vosoritide to treat the symptoms of achondroplasia, but these are only in the initial stages. If your child or another family member has been diagnosed with dwarfism, or if dwarfism runs in your family, it can be helpful to speak to a genetic counsellor.

Genetic counsellors are health professionals qualified in both counselling and genetics. Achondroplasia is a genetic condition that affects about 1 in 15, to 1 in 40, people. It makes your arms and legs short in comparison to your head and trunk. You may also have a larger head and weak muscle tone.

Other genetic conditions, kidney disease, and problems with metabolism or hormones can also cause dwarfism. The conditions that cause dwarfism can also cause other health problems. Most of them are treatable. It is important to have regular checkups throughout your life. A potentially serious complication of achondroplasia is spinal stenosis , which is a narrowing of the spinal canal that can pinch compress the upper part of the spinal cord. Spinal stenosis is associated with pain, tingling, and weakness in the legs that can cause difficulty with walking.

Another uncommon but serious complication of achondroplasia is hydrocephalus, which is a buildup of fluid in the brain in affected children that can lead to increased head size and related brain abnormalities. Achondroplasia is the most common type of short-limbed dwarfism.

The condition occurs in 1 in 15, to 40, newborns. Mutations in the FGFR3 gene cause achondroplasia. The FGFR3 gene provides instructions for making a protein that is involved in the development and maintenance of bone and brain tissue. Two specific mutations in the FGFR3 gene are responsible for almost all cases of achondroplasia.

Researchers believe that these mutations cause the FGFR3 protein to be overly active, which interferes with skeletal development and leads to the disturbances in bone growth seen with this disorder. Achondroplasia is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder.

About 80 percent of people with achondroplasia have average-size parents; these cases result from new mutations in the FGFR3 gene. In the remaining cases, people with achondroplasia have inherited an altered FGFR3 gene from one or two affected parents.

They are easy to differentiate from soft tissue emissary veins which run on the outside of the skull because these do not produce grooves in the skull. What is the difference between diploic and emissary veins?

Diploic ones stay in the skull. When a diploic vein exits the skull it becomes an emissary vein. Above is a typical x-ray of diploic veins. Below is the same x-ray with arrows pointing to diploic veins. Because of some eye trick effects, they are easier to see on a black background of old-time x-rays. Not as striking as on skull lateral x-ray, however it is the same patient. On angio, the key is to hold that pedal down into late venous phase. As you can see, these veins are most obvious in the late venous phase, after sinuses have opacified.

Images below show native views black and white backgrounds, top. Lower left image shows diploic veins on a DSA. Lower right unsubtracted venous phase image shows contrast in diploic veins filling the curvilinear lucent spaces seen in the top row. Lateral views are best. However, frontal views show these also. Skull x-ray shows lucent channels white arrows while lower right late venous phase angio shows diploic veins arrows.

Stereo Pair of diploic veins, cross-eye view. Again, these are diploic veins. You know they are thinning the skull because of the lucencies they produce the actual sharp line is due to a bone-tissue interface.

The below digital subtraction angiogram middle image , in late venous phase, nicely shows the corresponding venous channels filling in the diploic venous spaces seen on the skull radiograph above and left image. Venous phase unsubtracted view right image shows contrast in the vein, for those who still remain in doubt. The patient is post clipping of cerebral aneurysm no relationship to diploic veins…. It is important to extent the acquisition into late venous phase, since these emissary veins are often opacified quite late.

What supplies and drains skull itself? A vein of shrewd and humorous sarcasm, together with an under-current of quiet selfishness, made him a very pleasant companion. The length of the fibre, moreover, cannot be determined with any absolute certainty from the thickness of the vein. We have likewise found a vein of plumbago, which was an object of search, on the supposition that it was coal. The specimen of this breccia is attached to a plate of granular quartz, and may possibly have been part of a vein.

Top Definitions Quiz Examples diploic vein. Venous lacunae are the result of focal venous dilatations located within the diploid space of the skull, most commonly encountered adjacent to the superior sagittal sinus.

They receive blood from the cerebral veins as well as meningeal veins and connect to diploic and emissary veins 1. They can be invaginated by arachnoid granulations and therefore act as a means of CSF absorption 1. Venous lacunes are seen as a lyric area adjacent to the sagittal suture, mainly in the parietal bone. On CT, venous lacunes appear as sharply demarcated regions of lucency with blood density centrally.

As they are venous structures, they demonstrate enhancement on delayed postcontrast studies 1,2. Please Note: You can also scroll through stacks with your mouse wheel or the keyboard arrow keys. Updating… Please wait. Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again. Thank you for updating your details. Log In. Sign Up. Become a Gold Supporter and see no ads.

Your Practice. Popular Courses. Gross Margin vs. Contribution Margin: An Overview Gross profit margin measures the amount of revenue that remains after subtracting costs directly associated with production. Key Takeaways Gross margin is the amount of money left after subtracting direct costs, while contribution margin measures the profitability of individual products. Contribution margin can be used to examine variable production costs and is usually expressed as a percentage.

While gross profit is generally an absolute value, gross profit margin is expressed as a percentage. Compare Accounts. The offers that appear in this table are from partnerships from which Investopedia receives compensation.

This compensation may impact how and where listings appear. Investopedia does not include all offers available in the marketplace. Related Articles. Financial Statements Gross Profit vs. Net Income: What's the Difference? Accounting Are depreciation and amortization included in gross profit? Accounting How can a company have a negative gross profit margin?

Partner Links. The operating margin measures the profit a company makes on a dollar of sales after accounting for the direct costs involved in earning those revenues. What Is Gross Profit? Gross profit is the profit a company makes after deducting the costs of making and selling its products, or the costs of providing its services.

What Is a Variable Cost? A variable cost is an expense that changes in proportion to production or sales volume. You could also use your ledger to add up all of your variable costs. Some you may want to consider are:. When you know all of the variable costs, you can calculate the contribution margin by subtracting your variable costs from the total sales revenue.

To see the contribution margin as a ratio, you would divide that amount by the sales revenue. The formula looks like this:. The contribution margin in this situation is 0.

The formula to reach that number is:. Here are some of the most questions people most frequently ask about gross and contribution margin:. The fixed overhead costs are never included when you calculate the contribution margin. This means that a company's contribution margin is always higher than its gross margin. The most obvious number that impacts a company's gross margins are its sales earnings and merchandise costs.

You can examine your income statement for a general understanding of these two variables. The higher the ratio is, the more money that the company is generating to cover its fixed costs or overhead expenses. A company can improve its contribution margin by increasing its operational efficiencies. For example, you could look for ways to reduce the cost of product acquisitions of materials. You could also look for more efficient equipment that allows you to produce the same number of products in less time.

Another way to improve your contribution margin is to raise prices. Find jobs. Company reviews. Find salaries. Upload your resume. Sign in. Career Development. What is the difference between gross margin and contribution margin? How to calculate gross margin.

Determine total revenue. Cost of goods sold. Calculate gross margin. She has a Bachelor of Science in retail merchandising. Contribution Margin Vs. By Nola Moore. What Is Gross Sales Volume? What Is a Markup on a Product? How to Double Space in OpenOffice 3. Contribution Margin Contribution margin is a comparison of variable costs to sales.